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INTRODUCTION
The FSAE
Tire Test Consortium (FSAE TTC) is a volunteer-managed organization of
Formula SAE teams who pool their financial resources to obtain high quality
tire force and moment data. The
FSAE TTC's role is to gather funds from participating FSAE teams, organize
and conduct tire force and moment tests and distribute the data to all participating
teams.
The FSAE
TTC is co-directed and managed by the following volunteers. Please be patient with us--we will
answer your email requests as we have time:
- Dr. Edward M. Kasprzak (University at
Buffalo, Milliken Research Associates) -- liaison with Calspan
TIRF and MRA, tire test coordinator, distribution coordinator
- Dr. Bob Woods (University of Texas Arlington, FSAE
founding member) -- general project oversight, some liaison with tire
companies
- Douglas Milliken (Milliken Research Associates,
FSAE Design Judge) -- FSAE TTC treasurer, registration coordinator,
donated this web space
Denny
Trimble (University at Washington) was also a co-founder and
director. The FSAE TTC thanks Denny for his considerable
contributions and wishes him well in his current endeavors.
Brian
Seater (Washington State University) has recently developed a secure forum
for the open discussion of all things FSAE TTC at http://sae.wsu.edu/ttc/ Members of the FSAE TTC may
register for the forum—instructions are on the opening page of the
above link.
Additionally,
the FSAE TTC is supported by:
- Calspan Tire Research Facility (TIRF) -- Renowned tire testing facility in
Buffalo, NY where the tests have been conducted at reduced price.
- Tire companies who have donated tires for
testing: Goodyear Tire and
Rubber Company, Hoosier Racing Tire, Michelin and Dunlop.
- Companies who have donated tire models of the
measured data: Milliken
Research Associates, Inc. and Stackpole Engineering Services.
Note: The FSAE TTC is not affiliated
with Milliken Research Associates, Inc. We thank FSAE Design Judge
Doug Milliken for donating this webspace and agreeing to oversee the
finances of the Consortium.
SUMMARY
FSAE
teams join the FSAE TTC at a cost of $500 as per the conditions
below. In return, they receive all tire data measured by the FSAE
TTC. To date, four rounds of testing have been completed and
additional tests may follow as time and finances allow.
Tire
data includes tire force/moments and spring rate info as described below,
for more techinical detail please see the SAE
paper by Kasprzak and Gentz.
TEST
PROCEDURE
The
first round of testing at Calspan was conducted on 27-29
July 2005. Five constructions were tested:
- Hoosier 20x6-13 R25A
- Hoosier 20x7-13 R25A
- Hoosier 18x6-10 R25A
- Goodyear 20x6.5-13 R065
- Goodyear 20x7-13 R065
The
second round of testing at Calspan was conducted in early February
2006. Five constructions were tested:
- Goodyear 18x6.5-10
- Hoosier 20.5x7.0-13
- Hoosier 20.5x6.0-13
- Avon 7.2/20.0-13
- Avon 6.2/20.0-13
The third
round of testing at Calspan was conducted in early
August 2007. Four constructions were tested on two or three rim
widths each:
- Michelin 16/53-13 (radial, "B" compound)
- Hoosier 20.5x7-13 R25A
- Hoosier 20x7.5-13 R25A
- Goodyear D2692 20x7-13
The fourth
round of testing at Calspan was conducted in mid-October
2009. Five constructions were tested, each on two different rim
widths:
- Dunlop 175/505R13
- Goodyear 20.0x7.0-13 “D2696”
- Hoosier 20.5x6.0-13 R25B
- Hoosier 20.5x7.0-13 R25B
- Hoosier 20.0x7.5-13 R25B
- Michelin 16/53-13 “Radial X S6B”
Compared
with the first three rounds of testing, Round 4 was much more
extensive. A full description
of the Round 4 test plan can be found in the guide to the Round 4 data . FSAE TTC members can download the
Round 4 data from the secure forum http://sae.wsu.edu/ttc/ Unlike previous rounds of
testing, DVDs will not be distributed.
In
general, data is collected in a series of sweeps. Slip angle
sweeps--where the slip angle varies from near-zero to a maximum, through
zero to a minimum and back to zero--are used for lateral force data.
Slip ratio sweeps are used for tractive/braking data. Sweeps are
taken at fixed values of inclination angle, inflation pressure, road
velocity and normal load. A collection of sweeps at different values
of these set points composes the test matrix.
Tests
are conducted on Calspan's flat-belt tire test machine using 120 grit
belt paper and a velocity of 25 mph. Static and Dynamic (rolling)
spring rate tests are run in conjunction with the lateral force
tests. We note that longitudinal Force tests cannot be run on 10 inch
tires due to limitations of the Calspan test machine. The FSAE TTC leadership is looking
into an alternate test facility for 10 inch tires.
Note
that the details of the tests (specific loads, inclination angles, etc.)
are revised in each round of testing, but the spirit of the tests
remain unchanged. Members may
send a representative to witness any future tests in person
(interested parties please contact Dr. Kasprzak for
details). Video of some testing is available.
TEST OUTPUT
Data was
collected at 10-20Hz. Output channels include:
- Elapsed Time
- Road Velocity
- Slip Angle
- Inclination Angle
- Slip Ratio
- Normal Load
- Lateral Force
- Longitudinal Force
- Aligning Torque
- Overturning Moment
- Loaded Radius
- Effective Radius
- Wheel RPM
- Tire Pressure
- Tire Surface Temperature (3 locations on the tread)
- Ambient Temperature
- Road Surface Temperature
Data is provided
in both USCS and SI units. Data
is provided in both ASCII (spreadsheet ready) and Matlab formats.
Milliken Research Associates has provided an MRA Nondimensional Tire Model
of the tire data, and Stackpole Engineering Services has provided
Pacejka-based models. These models are included with the tire data.
USE
OF THE DATA
Consortium
members are free to use this data in the design and construction of
their FSAE entries, other school projects and related academic
activities. Any
publication or presentation of the tire data must acknowledge Calspan and
the FSAE TTC. Individuals and teams are
prohibited from donating or selling the data to any other individual,
group, team or university, or posting it on the internet. Anyone
wishing to obtain the data may do so by joining the FSAE TTC, regardless of
their affiliation (i.e., non-FSAE teams or individuals are welcome to
join the FSAE TTC, although they won't have voting rights on tire
constructions to be tested). The data may not be used in any
commercial application.
FINANCIAL
DETAILS AND REGISTRATION
Registration
remains open. All registered teams receive data from all
four rounds of testing and any future tests covered by the FSAE TTC.
Registration
involves completion of the Registration Form and
submission of payment to FSAE TTC.
Finances
are overseen by FSAE Design Judge Doug Milliken, who wrote the following:
Hello to FSAE Teams from Doug Milliken:
At the request of Dr. Bob Woods (UTA), Dr. Edward Kasprzak (MRA) and Mr.
Denny Trimble (UW), I have agreed to keep track of funds to support force
and moment tire testing at Calspan. For their part, our good friends
at Calspan's Tire Research Facility have agreed to run the tests at a
special "student" rate.
Please read this entire note carefully before you send any money. If
there are any questions, please send to Dr. Kasprzak and then watch
this space for an update.
I. Ground
Rules
The "FSAE Tire Test Consortium" (FSAE TTC) will
operate as follows:
1. FSAE teams (and any other interested parties) contribute to a
common fund. The contribution amount is currently fixed at US$500.00 .
2. From time to time I will update the account
spreadsheet that lists all the consortium finances. Open with
MS-Excel or the free Open Office
"Calc".
3. When sufficient funds have been collected, Dr. Kasprzak (and
others) will work with Calspan TIRF to test the tires and I will use money
from the fund to pay for the tests and other incidental expenses such as
mailing costs. This should run the bank account down to nearly a zero
balance (but see below).
4. At the completion of the tests, Dr. Kasprzak will make all
the data available to all the contributors. Raw tire data is rare and
quite valuable, I suggest that individual teams nominate one person to keep
the data private and secure (not posted on websites, etc!).
5. Excess funds will be applied to future tire tests. When the
time comes to dissolve the FSAE TTC, remaining funds will be put toward
prizes given at the FSAE Competitions.
II. Joining the FSAE TTC
Payment must accompany registration. Due to problems with
electronic fund transfers I am now only accepting checks / drafts. The
USA banking system does not "play nicely" with other parts of the
world. Problems have included
extra hidden fees (at originating banks and intermediate banks), incomplete
information supplied by my bank, and many other unique and time consuming
problems. For non-USA teams, please read the following carefully--the
check MUST be:
- Drawn on a USA bank (usually this means
that there is a USA bank name and address printed on the check).
- In US Dollars with US banking system
Routing and Account numbers.
An example of these features can be seen here:
https://www.key.com/images/chkimage.gif
Make the check payable to:
Douglas Milliken, c/o FSAE Tire Test Consortium
Include a printout of the FSAE TTC registration form so I can identify your
school and mail (post) to me at:
Doug Milliken
245 Brompton Road
Buffalo, NY 14221
USA
If your bank can't make a check (draft) that meets the requirements above, Western Union can transfer the funds
electronically. After you
initiate the transfer in USD, email the exact name of sender and control
number to the TTC to collect.
Travelex has also been used successfully by
teams outside the USA.
If your University requires it, we have prepared a price quote and an invoice (available on
request).
IMPORTANT: To
complete your
registration download and complete the Registration Form.
Submit this form to Dr. Kasprzak
. Your registration information will be included in
the online financial spreadsheet.
III. Contribution by Milliken Research Associates, Inc.
MRA is pleased to donate the following to the FSAE TTC:
1. Handle the finances as described above.
2. Web space. Please watch for progress updates (financial
and technical) and answers to any questions.
3. Nondimensional coefficient models
of the tire data in Matlab, including a small program to expand the
coefficients back into data for plotting or for use in other
analysis. See Race Car Vehicle Dynamics
(and Race Car Vehicle Dynamics: Problems, Answers
and Experiments) Chapter 14 for more details.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks
to Doug Milliken and Milliken Research Associates, Inc. for providing the
space for this webpage.
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